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Ranges
Japanese has distinct words for expressing numerical ranges. Some ranges are inclusive, while others are exclusive.
Range Expressions
以上greater than or equal to (inclusive)
この映画は十八歳以上しか見られません。Only people aged 18 or older can watch this movie.
合格には七十点以上が必要です。A score of 70 or above is required to pass.
五千円以上のお買い上げで送料無料になります。Shipping is free for purchases of 5,000 yen or more.
以下less than or equal to (inclusive)
荷物は五キロ以下にしてください。Please keep your luggage at 5 kg or less.
十二歳以下のお子さまは無料です。Children aged 12 and under are free.
気温が零度以下になると道路が凍ります。Roads freeze when the temperature drops to zero degrees or below.
未満less than (exclusive)
二十歳未満はお酒を飲めません。People under 20 cannot drink alcohol.
所得が三百万円未満の場合は申請できます。You can apply if your income is less than 3 million yen.
身長が百四十センチ未満のお子さまはこのアトラクションに乗れません。Children under 140 cm in height cannot ride this attraction.
Does not include the boundary number itself. In the first example, someone who is exactly 20 can drink.
超えるgreater than (exclusive)
人口が一億人を超えました。The population has exceeded 100 million.
気温が三十五度を超える日は外出を控えてください。Please avoid going out on days when the temperature exceeds 35 degrees.
このサービスは利用者が百万人を超えました。This service has surpassed 1 million users.
Does not include the boundary number itself. In the first example, exactly 100 million would not count as 超えた.
以内within (inclusive)
一週間以内に返信してください。Please reply within one week.
駅から徒歩十分以内のところに住んでいます。I live within a 10-minute walk from the station.
予算は一万円以内でお願いします。Please keep the budget within 10,000 yen.
Includes the boundary itself. Replying on exactly the 7th day still counts as within the deadline.